Barkema,H.G,Bell,J.H.J.and Pennings,J.M(1996)Foreign Entry, Cultural Barries and Learning

”Difficulty to prove simple fact”


This paper is for theoretical verification of firm activities of internationalization. The authors intend to explain the process of firm`s internationalization in view of cultural distance and ownership, and add new suggestion to “Uppsala model” or other international theory.
The structure is very clear, starting from INTRODUCTION, following BACKGROUND(review of past study or theory), HYPOTHESES, METHODOLOGY, RESULTS, DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, and REFERENCES.
The conclusion is very simple. This is that, when firm gets into foreign market, it takes more “cultural cost” in case of acquisition or majority and 50/50 JVs. Moreover, if the firm has previous experience of same country or other country in same cultural block, the cost can be reduce.
This is very simple and we can tell that intuitively. I think it is ironic that it is difficult to justify something already know.


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