Got E

I got “E” from the assignment! It is not good, in general. But for me, it was better than ever before.

Today’s class starts by two Dead Celebrity Surprise. They were great, one was so easy to listen, and the other was well organized.

About feed back of writing assignment, I noticed three points of bad sentences: too many words, long subjects, and passive subject.

“Too many words” means there are a lot of same meaning words in one sentence. It makes a reader hard to understand the text.

“long subjects” means subject is long to recognize which is subject and it often makes grammatical mistakes.

“passive subject” also relates to long subjects. It often long and makes wrong verb.


But today, I spoke more about than ever. It was enjoyable. I will keep this for end of the semester.

Robert Nozick,(1997)"Why Do Intellectuals Oppose Capitalism?”

This is an interesting article that treats “capitalism”. It shows most anti-capitalists are intellectual people and this is caused by schooling system. Schooling system is a kind of society, where intellectuality is valued. It made intellectual children think they are top, but the confidences are sometimes broken in real society because the value is different. Real Society, capitalism, evaluate people by output or contribution for others. This value different from that in school system. The difference produces anti-capitalist.

This is ironical because school system is made for capitalism. To solve the problem, there are three choices: society changes like school, school changes like society, diminish the academic hierarchy. But each solution is not enough.

This article is interesting, but it is tricky because of ambiguous of words. If someone “oppose” capitalism, it does not necessarily mean reject capitalism completely. Sometimes people critic some aspects of capitalism, but few of them reject whole of that.

Moreover, he is deterministic in some aspect: individual act for each interest. It is not kind because I overlook some of them.

I think, for now, few people object “capitalism”. And in the first place, it is stupid to deny where we live, I think.

Case 5: Green Purchasing and Product Development Grona Konsum – A Food Retailer Introduces Free Range and Organic Eggs.

This is the case of Grona Konsum, a kind of coop to adapt environmental action for egg. It describes “change” of food-chain, supplier, packer and wholesaler, retailer, and customer.

Interest thing is the change expands through the process. In the last part, they made a standard and government enact new law that abandon the cage egg.( but it causes competition with Fin’s eggs.)


Of course environmental action is important, but I wanted to see as business.

sustainability means un-sustain

Today was second lecture of Sustainable Management. I found from the lecture that the teachers who were in class of last term were so good at facilitation.

“sustainable management”, this is practical matter, not theoretical matter, I thought from the lecture. It does not fixed or useful frame work such as Five Forces, or EBV.

Most impressive thing in the class was “sustainable management” means “change”. Because firms have to make some change from their current unsustainable operations to sustainable ones. The change requires many thing, change of organization, change of out of organization, change of relationship between both. It might be biggest action for companies and this is why “sustainable management” is a area of academic studies.

I think it is so meaningful for me to study and know sustainability because agriculture needs “change”.

Politteness means not right?

In today’s Business English, there were three DCS. Surprisingly, all were so well! The topics were about novel prize, actress, and miracle. All were appropriate and intellectual. Moreover, their speeches were perfect.

In class, we discussed about “polite” sentences. That seems funny because if we made sentence more polite, it would be more complicated and ambiguous.

The key points were four: subjective, attitude, more likely, and do not judge. Possibly, it seems that sleep time for me….

mixed strategy

Today was second class of Economics of Organization. Today’s lecture was for theoretical Framework. I was worried about that, but it was not so complicated.

First, we saw mechanism of inefficiency. Inefficiency is caused by three constraints: cognitive(=understanding), motivational, and exceptional. In lecture, we focus motivational constrain, but this makes “second-best”. “First-best” is made if only the resource constrain binds. “Third-best” is made by optimal option within restricted solutions.

After that, we learned basic framework of game theory. But I could not understand mixed strategies.

Mixed strategies are different from pure strategy because mixed ones consists of some choice of strategy with possibilities. If we can think game as mixed strategies, there is more than one strategy. And mixed strategy equilibrium can get from intersection of expectations of each player. ( Equilibrium is the point of each player’s outcome is same, but it can be got from equations of each options outcome).

Starts course!

“Economics of Organization” has started today! This is the course that I wanted to take because I am interested in mechanism design or game theory: the view to see human beings in a system.

In today’s course, we leaned some definition of words and summaries of famous study.

Institution: set of rules, shared conception among a set of individuals regarding their prescribed behavior.

Organizations: a group of people whose relationship is regulated by institution.

Values:
Personal traits: Abilities and preferences.
Social esteem: Others’ evaluation of one’s traits.(Traditionally neglected in economics)
Consequences: Material outcomes and social esteem.
Preferences: Valuation of consequences.
Culture: shared notion of value

Behaviors: decided by the own traits, own belief of others’ behavior, and own belief of others’ opinion (i.e. culture)


The method to calculate influence institution to productivity:
1, Define measures of institutional quality
2, Find “instruments” for these measures
3, Assume that the true relation is
Log（Y/L）=α＋βS
S＝γ＋δlog(Y/L)＋θX
X･･･because there are some variables of Y/L.(but sometimes X is trick because it correts indirectly)

Hall and Jones(1999)
1, regressing output per worker directly on instruments works well
2, conclusions robust to added instruments

Acemoglu et al(2001)
High settler mortality leads to poor performance. However the study is controversial.

La Porta et al(1999)
Foucus on preconditions for good current institutions-in particular the relationship between religion and legal system and good governance.
Look multi factors
-good governance measured by low corruption, low infant mortality or low degree of sexual discrimination
-common law countries have better governance than civil law
-Muslim countries have worse
-good government is correlated with big government

Why environmental activists are women?

This was first lecture of the course, Sustainable Management. I was looking forward to the class because my major is agricultural economics, and it related sustainability strongly I believe. In my expectation, it was theoretical study, but it was more practical course in reality.

In class, I leaned concept of “sustainability” and change of environmental problem: more globally and more complex. I read one article but I could not understand why companies are expected to act for sustainability. This is because of my perception, but it will be changed in the course.

What is most impressive for me was teacher was women and all guest planed to come the course were women. It was strange for me…but certainly, there are more women activists than men in Japan. Why is it so? I will try to ask someday to guests.

Stuart L. Hart(2000) Beyond Greening

This is an introductory of environmental problem to promote companies’ actions. Key ideas of the paper are three: three economies, three factors, and three steps.

Three economies
The author says global economy consist of three economy: market economy, survival economy, and nature’s economy. Market economy is industrial society. It is the familiar world of commerce comprising both the developed nations and the emerging economies. Survival economy is pre-industrial society. It is traditional, village-based way of life found in the rural part of most developing countries. Nature’s economy consists of the natural system and resources that support market and survival economies. Environmental problem and pollutions are occurred by interdependence among three economies.

Three factors
This is a formula of environmental burden. Environmental burden(EB)=population(P)×affluence(A)×technology(T). Nearly three decades ago, environmentalists made it. Author says P and A are difficult to control because they are inversely correlated. Changing technology is best and only solution for the problem. Companies are most important actors because “technology is the business of business”.

Three stages
The steps are phase of company to change their businesses more sustainable. Stage one is pollution prevention. In this phase, companies shift from pollution control to pollution prevention. Stage two is product stewardship. This means companies consider sustainability of full life cycle of their products. Last stage is clean technology. In this phase, companies develop sustainable technology and offer it where it is needed.



I thought somewhat strange because I do not think firm is only actor to solve environmental problem. The descriptions of the paper is so rough because what “sustainability” or “environmental” means is not clear. Though three concepts are interesting, I do not like the taste of the author, like activist.

Zhang Ruimin(2007)Raising Haier

This is a history of Haier and Zhang Ruimin, the Chairman of Haier. The article describes Haier’s developing from beginning to now. It is interesting as a biography of successful manager. But it is not informative for our exam.

Now, he thinks three things:

1, Worker’s satisfaction. Matching worker’s value and the company’s.
2. Customer-driven personnel evaluation.
3. Product differentiation. Short-term(three years), and long-term(breakthrough)

They have customer-driven evaluation system: workers are evaluated by performance of their team, not by individual.



He thinks the gap between Haier and foreign companies is management talent not technology. They try to make workers have self-leadership.

(URL:http://www.kreaprenor.se/imimarkos/index.asp?g=1&r=13)

Orit Gadiesh, Philip Leung, and Till Vestring(2007) The Battle for China’s Good-Enough Market

This is overview of Chinese market in the view of Multinationals. The conclusion is “company which wins in Chinese Good-Enough(=middle class)market, wins in the World”.

In Chinese market, there are three segments: Premium, Good-Enough, Low-End. Good-Enough means its products are reliable quality and low price. The market is difficult to catch up because it is changing rapidly. But it is growing now and its share was 62% in 2005. Multinationals in China usually positioned Premium, because there they could get high margin with their brands. And local companies positioned Good-Enough and Low-End, because they can produce at low cost. However, the situation is changing now. Chinese companies in Good-Enough position are becoming more and more sophisticated and will threaten global market with leverage of Good-Enough market. To maintain its position, multinationals have to enter Good-Enough market through developing lower producing and careful marketing or M&A.

(URL:http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu/hbsp/hbr/articles/article.jsp;jsessionid=GRAPVRSH1BXZYAKRGWDR5VQBKE0YIISW?ml_action=get-article&articleID=R0709E&ml_page=1&ml_subscriber=true)

Final Presentations!

Today was a last lecture of Trendspotting & Future Thinking. There were 15 presentations. It was so fantastic because every team had different theme and tool different approach.

What I felt were:
Only conclusion is better because everyone thought future; climate change, ecology, environment.
Of course, history, trend, logic are important.
Best presentation included everything.
We can not recognize without ppt because voices were weak.
Thinking future and creating new idea is difficult than I had expected because every team had not so new ideas.
The key area of study is: environment, economy, society.


Most interesting thing was difference of presentation. Some team took performance way, some took business presentation, some took movie…it was so interesting.

In FUTURE, I hope all ideas will come true!

Haier: Taking a Chinese Company Global (HBS9-706-401)

This is a case of a multinational company, Haier, the biggest Chinese white goods manufacturer. This paper describes Haier’s history and expansion foreign market.

Analyzing Hair’s strength, these are:

In Chinese market:
Reputation; Brand, 20% more than its competitors
Distribution: Speedy and less-inventory
Rapid response: 42 distribution centers
After Service: 5,500 independent contractors
Low labor manufacturing: one tenth of U.S

In foreign market
Product Response: 18 design center and seventeen hours working model.
Product differentiation: close attention to customers
(Reputation: selling U.S or EU)


Haier’s strategy and strengths are clear and so theoretical. Thinking roughly, it is better to keep Chinese market and present position with niche production or exploiting its distribution in China. And develop new technology for next generation of home appliances.

(URL:http://www.haier.com/index.htm)

Sum-Up, Evaluation and Exam Distribution

Today was the last lecture of International Business: Int. Business strategy. In the class, teacher reviewed whole course, and hand out take-home exam.

He emphasized “International Strategy” and “Uppsala model”. It is difficult to define the difference between international strategy and domestic one. But, there are five differences: greater scale and scope, more alternative for configuration of value-added activities, greater difficulty to coordinating but it has competitive advantage, cultural and linguistic similarities or differences, national economic factors. It was interesting for me because we have to think non-economic value such as culture.

About “Uppsala model”, there are two point: Firm starts neighbor countries, incremental local learning.

Through the lecture, I learned fundamental view of strategy and skill to make it. I will use the knowledge in the exam.

By the way I misunderstood “hand out” and “hand in”…I have prepared exam…

Tutorial

Today, I had a tutorial with the teacher of Business English course. The tutorial was one part of the course and every student has change to get individual advices for improve his/her English.

In the tutorial, teacher said “I think you have difficulty in passing this course”. I got shocked about that, but it was not so strong because I had expected to be said about that. But he said next “But I recommend you to stay the class, because it is good chance for you to improve your English. What do you think?” Of course I said “Yes, I want to stay the course!” Though the comment of the teacher was critical, I was happy because I can continue the course.

After that, I asked him about how to improve my English skills: writing, reading, listening, and speaking. I used Power Point for meeting, and this helped me to describe what I wanted to say.

About reading and writing, he recommended to keep diary or blog, and read a lot. About listening he said to listen with reading script. About speaking or discussion, he told me two things: make questions before class, make a habit of thinking “why?”.

He said there was no shortcut of improving English. I will try industriously to improve my skills by making most of his advices.

International Strategic Management in Practice Strategy Consultancy: An Example of a Modern General Approach and of What It Is Like to Be a Junior C

Today’s class was guest lecture from a big consulting firm. There were two guests; one was a manager, and the other was a senior associate. The manager shows us how to make strategy; that is how they are working as consultant. The senior associate told his experience in first a few years in his firm.

The lecture was meaningful for us because we saw how theories are applied real business situation. The manager showed us some business packages of strategy making such as 4 month plan, 4 weeks project, 2 days workshop. Each packages consisted of 4 steps: strategic foundation, choices, mobilization, and delivery. Theories have changed tools and support analysis to make date clear and reasonable. On the other hand, the packages spent a lot of time working together through discussions and workshops. I think it is because process to carry out strategies is more important than strategy itself. They are only facilitators to give useful date and tool authorized by theories, not strategy makers.

Through the lecture, I got to know two things. First was “theory is only tool, not answer”. In the business process presented in lecture, area where theories applied was so small. Theories are only tools to make hypothesis, to see presence, to limit view, to support answer. Second was difference of value between governments and consulting firms. Governments works because of their authorities. Therefore, people working in governments do not need to develop some skills to get money. On the contrary, consulting firms works their individual skills because there are a lot of competitors in firms and outside firms. Because of that, they have to develop their skills and it promotes study of business and production of skills and frameworks in the business world.

URL:http://www.bain.com/bainweb/publications/publications_detail.asp?id=15302&menu_url=publications_results.asp

Human Logistics

Today I and two teammates had a meeting with Mr. Mark Smith, a professor of KTH and expert of sensor. He was so frank person and looked to care about me with easy English. This expert interview is an activity Trendspotting and Future Thinking class. We talked for two hours, and the topics expanded from “Human Logistics” and “Business Model” to “Information Society”.

“Human Logistics”:
It says that what is important in transportation is time and place, not how. In future, means of transportations will integrated into one, and users will have to pay attention only to arrival time and destination, not to how to transfer, which train or bus to take, how to pay money. To achieve this, navigation system is more important than technology or business model. In other words, transportation will become guide service not only moving vehicles.

“Business Model”
In planning business, there are two important questions to ask oneself: “Who is a customer?” and “What is a value of the customer?”. In our plan of train, for example, customers are travelers because train is used for international transportation. If so, what is traveler’s value? Obviously, time is not only need for travelers. Especially for travelers, navigation is important because they are probably stranger their destination and their cost to get information is quite high.

“Information Society”
This is not directly connected with train. Today, a lot of information about people is on Internet, and in near future, the information is used business. It can be happen your information is abuse and your privacy will invaded. You are known everything by everyone even if you did not tell anyone. If so, “trust” of firm will become important because people might not believe firms because of abuse their personal information.


Our talk was long, but so exciting and I forgot time passed. His talk was very informative and attractive. This is because he worked in both business community and academic community. I hope to work someday in company and research institute.

“Politics and English Language”

Today's class was "In-class writing". There was no lecture, only examination about “Politics and English Language” written by George Orwell. He was a famous English writer who worked novels, polemics, journalism, memoir and critical essays.

The exam was not difficult for me because I had prepared for 5 hours before class with making summary and answering the questions in text. However, I did not well because I could not write logically; what I noticed after class.

To write logically is more difficult than to write English, of course, but the skill can be improved in other language. I will study and learn more.

International corporate environment

Today’s class was lecture about FDI, one area of political economy. Usually, the class is taken twice; starts 8:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. But, today’s class was only once; from 9:00a.m to 12:00p.m. This is why students attended class were different.

Lecturer was Ari Kokko, a professor of SSE, and experienced advisory of governments. The lecture was exciting because he told us some examples of FDI that he worked as advisory, even if the contents is only fundamental view of FDI. In addition, taking political influence to business for granted was meaningful for me because I will work in the government in Japan. Japanese government, is often criticized its excessive interventions to economy, is not only one, I thought.

Lecture was summarized as this: FDI is so influenced governmental policy of host and home country. And these influences are often political, not economical. Most important influence is spillover; positive and negative. Spillovers include technology, reputation of country, employment, environmental effect and so on. However, because of the globalization of trading policy from WTO, options of policy are getting narrow. In that time, education is most important of all countries because free education is only non-regulated subsidy. Ultimately, most important question is “What kinds of job remains in the home country?”.

I felt political economy was so interesting to study, I hope to study more in future.

URL:http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-30979-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

Globalization and Trend

Today’s guest was Sven Tollmien, who is head of DIGITAL TRENDUNIT. He works as a trendanalyst in information technology. His methods was standard; collecting advanced idea or technology from all over the world as micro-trend, and integrates them to make mega-trend. He showed us the micro-trends about mobile, cyber space, and brand marketing with many example of company. These were nice, and I felt these were already future. But most interesting for me was that the reason why he chosen these three areas or why new ideas rose in these areas.

The reason, I think, is globalization, especially about information technology and mega competition. World market is really integrating with internet. This means only leader can make money like google because information technology has a big scale merit. Therefore many company invest new technology more fashionable area. Moreover, some of the technologies made for trend are used by companies to win mega-competition in globalization.

By the way, he told us concept of “5th screen”, which means there were four generation of screen;
1st: cinema
2nd: TV
3rd: PC
4th: Mobile Phone
5th: Brain

Of course, 5th was his idea. It means in future, we will recognize information directly in brain with some connecters or chips. This is like a movie, but reasonable I think.

Last, we made some future ideas with group. Most funny idea was “people hacked by computer virus”. It said in future, human brain will become like a computer and also has a virus. That’s funny.

URL:http://www.v-t-t.de/index.php/Hauptseite

“Ehrenreich feedback”

It was a week from last attendance to today’s business English class. Today’s title was “Ehrenreich feedback”, return of in-class writing test. However, we mainly discussed about some mistakes of sentences and a pun, because the result was returned at the last time of the class.

In the discussion about checking sentences, I felt my lack of vocabulary because I could not understand some of sentences. Besides, I ashamed I did not ask fluently or collect grammar. Other student, probably Swedish, spoke English so well and they adjusted to presentation. They not only pointed mistakes but also made another sentences and suggested in class. I did not have such ideas, and I will try next class.

After discussion, teacher explained about a pun; a joke that involves a play on words and fact that words can be ambiguous. It might be fun for English speaker, but for me, it was not fun because I could not understand some of them.

Fortunately, I will have a short meeting with teacher on next Monday. I will ask how to improve and train my English.


URL:http://user.aol.com/punamerica/

Hybrid MNCs

I have not attended classes for a week because I had to get back to Japan for job interview and the ceremony. Because of the long absence, I felt hard to catch up with the class, and I could not contribute class discussion.

Today’s Case was about Li & Fung, multinational clothes and toys company which originated in Hong Kong. Li & Fung’s business model is unique because it does not own its factory or store or natural resources. It acts in several place of value chain and make money though optimization the whole chain; with no-inventory, flexibility, and so on. Moreover, the activities are driven by customer value or satisfaction, with structure of organization and system of evaluation.

The lecture started with describing business model of Li & Fung by three students. The students wrote almost same picture and they were well. But I thought last one was best because it was so visual, and funny, and what’s more, explanation was good. I understood what is important in speech was calmness and emphasizing points of the opinion.

From this lecture, I got three things; figure, view as industry, and factor analysis. Figure means to judge and compare with number such as 3.5% margin comparing 1%, 5 weeks vs 3 months. Second means to have other view to see case; for example, firm level, industry level( of course, there are many dimensions of industry), country level, and so on. It provides valuable opinion and thoughts I believe. Last was about MECE. In every lecture, professor shows us the factors that we do not point out. If we have some framework or analysis of factors, we would fill all the factors.

Back to the Li & Fung, its point of business were: co-produce with customers, knowledge and information as competitive advantage, customer driven organization, support player of value-chain. I think this is just business model of 21st century, and in future, companies will change as this.


URL:http://www.market-modelling.co.uk/MMS/MMS_ValueChain.htm

Oral presentation.

In lunch time, I attended a company presentation; Rothschild. Of course I know the name in some novel, but I had not known it still runs as a bank with some intellectual services.

The presentation was unique because Managing Director did not use any power point or notes or white boards, but use his own voice and gestures. His speech was well and attractive and he emphasized on goodness of training of firm, attractiveness of London financial market, importance of communication, and how to overcome pressure in the job. I thought he tried to offset negative images of invest bank, even though the firm is not invest bank, as he said.

What was unexpected for me he praise SSE, some of alumni are flourishing in London. Because my school, the University of Tokyo, is so established school and there is no need to emphasis on excellence of the alumni. Besides, most firms come to my school are Japanese company; there is no competition among countries.

For me, although there is no need to find job for some time, it is important to improve always skills to independent from an organization and the fluctuation of the economy.


URL:http://concernedhumanity.net/economy.html

Henry Mintzberg (1994)”The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning”

This is a bit strange article for HBR, which usually shows us useful framework or systematic thinking. The article does not tell us utilities of frameworks but mistakes to depend on them. And finally, it says that useful frameworks weaken our thoughts.

“Strategic Planning”, as he says “strategic programming”, is the way to make strategy without doing or seeing its activity. The “strategy” contains schedule, budgets, target figure, and so on. However, he criticizes this way and strategy should be made in work spots not in an executive room. Moreover, in the first place, strategy is not necessary if there is concrete vision.

“Vision is unavailable to those cannot “see” with their own eye.”

His opinion seems to be radical, but actually he recognizes merits and demerits of some tool of thoughts, and warn us to think by ourselves and communicate with people.

It is first time for me to read his article, but I got to know why he is so popular. I want to read more about his idea and thoughts.


URL:http://www.amazon.com/Fall-Rise-Strategic-Planning/dp/B00005RZ4F

The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment, Ch. 7 in Hill, C.W.(2005)

This is a chapter of book for Political Economy, learning between politics and economy. It was interesting and familiar with me because I am studying agricultural economics and agricultural industry is often affected by politics.

The article explains basic theories and knowledge about FDI. It starts three main attitudes to FDI, and explains benefits and costs of FDI from both side of a host and home country.

There are three views of FDI. First is the radical view; negative attitude toward FDI, the free market view; positive attitude toward FDI, pragmatic nationalism; the thought that seeks national interest. For long years, countries adopted the radical view but now sifting to accept the free market view; results to adopt pragmatic nationalism.

In reading benefits and costs of FDI, I felt the difficulties of economy; its intangibility. FDI has both merits and demerits for both a host and home country and the nature has not changed for long years. However, the attitudes and receptions have dramatically changed for 20 years. I think this is because real effect of FDI is hard to evaluate and we have no choice but to be at the mercy of fashionable economists or economic theories.

URL:http://jdasovic.com/2007/12/22/foreign-direct-investmentfdi-an-indicator-of-globalization/

Gottfredson,M., Schaubert, S. and Saenz, H.(2008), New Leader’s Guide to Diagnosing the Business

If you are suddenly designated as a CEO of an organization, what do you do first? What ever do you think you should do? This is a guide for such a person who has no time to make his/her business plan for the organization.

The guide forms a diagnosing test; understanding an advantage and disadvantage of a firm thorough a comparison with its competitors. The template has following four principles;

1, Cost and prices almost always decline.
Understand cost and cost structure of your firm, competitors, and market. Forecast the future with Learning Curve.

2, Your competitive position determines your options.
Figure out the market; trend, potential, and profit. Position your firm and competitors on market.

3, Customers and profit pools don’t stand still.
Comprehend customer’s preference and priority of service and compare your firm with competitors in customer’s evaluation. See market profit structure with cost and profit mapping.

4, Simplicity gets result.
Simplify process; process of decision making for firm and its customer.



These template is not enough, but useful to overview some organization quickly. Most interesting for me is this template mainly uses comparison. It might correspond with the argument of utility of ordinal number and utility of cardinal number.


URL:http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b01/en/common/item_detail.jhtml?id=R0802C

Emerging MNCs

Today(=Sep 29)’s class was taken in Ru, which had not been mentioned in the syllabus. I had to look around before the class, and I could not discus about today’s topic with other student.

Today’s material is one of HBS Cases; Hikma Pharmaceuticals, a multinational drug producing company originated in Jordan. The Case ended when Hikma got two offers from U.S. distributor and asked readers “Which choice do you recommend?”.

What impressive was that, teacher needed us to judge by ourselves saying “What is your impression?”, “Is it good or bad?” and, ”What do you recommend?”. I remarked twice, but I failed because I could not recognize his saying…

What I missed in the Case is human resource of company and difference in terms of patents among U.S, EU and DC. I thought I had to check information with some framework.


The lecture itself was not so exciting because choices of students were almost same and we could not spend enough time to discuss about that. However, if we had enough time to discuss, our thoughts would not dramatically improved because we don’t have job experience or study business administration. Every time I think, I hope to discuss more theoretically and with someone has management experience, of course I have to improve my English more and more.